Radiation Safety Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 100 Introduction

.10 Introduction
.20 Applicability
.30 Reference to Federal Regulations
.40 Reference to State Regulations
.50 Radiation Safety Committee
.60 Revocation of Approval
.70 Threat to Health, Property or the Environment

Part 150 Organizational Structure

.10 Introduction
.20 The Radiation Safety Committee
.30 The Radiation Safety Committee Chairperson
.40 The Radiation Safety Officer

Part 200 ALARA

.10 Introduction
.20 Complying with ALARA

Part 300 Obtaining Authorization To Use Radioactive Materials

.10 Introduction
.20 Format for Application To Use Radioactive Materials
.30 Departmental and College Responsibilities
.40 Submittal of Application
.50 Radiation Safety Committee Responsibilities
.60 Changes in Authorized Use
.70 Renewal of an Authorization

Form RSM-1M Radioactive Materials Authorization Form

Part 305 Classification of Restricted Versus Unrestricted Areas and Uses

.10 Introduction
.20 Restricted Area or Use Requirements
.30 Unrestricted Area or Use Requirements
.40 Release of Items or Equipment for Unrestricted Use
.50 Termination Surveys

Part 310 Acquisition of Radioactive Materials

.10 Introduction
.20 Ordering Radioactive Materials
.30 Receipt of Radioactive Materials
.40 Neutron Activation
.50 Facilities Located Outside of Moscow
.60 Transfer of Radioactive Materials
.70 Surplus or Donated Radioactive Materials
.80 Uranium- and Thorium-Containing Materials
.90 Exempt Radioactive Materials

Form RSM-2M Permit To Purchase Radioactive Materials Form

Part 320 Radioactive Materials Inventory

.10 Introduction
.20 Radioactive Materials Use Log
.30 Sealed Sources

Part 330 Radioactive Materials Contamination Surveys

.10 Introduction
.20 Frequency of Surveys
.30 Contamination Survey Methods
.40 Requirements for Decontamination
.50 Personal Surveying
.60 Decontamination Guidelines

Form RSM-3 Contamination Survey Form

Part 340 Radioactive Waste Disposal Procedures

.10 Introduction
.20 Solid Radioactive Waste Disposal
.30 Liquid Radioactive Waste Disposal
.40 Gaseous Radioactive Waste Disposal
.50 Biological Radioactive Waste Disposal
.60 Disposal of Waste at Facilities Located Outside of Moscow

Form RSM-4 Radioactive Waste Disposal Form

Part 400 Obtaining Authorization To Use Radiation-Producing Equipment

.10 Introduction
.20 Format for Application To Use Radiation-Producing Equipment
.30 Departmental and College Responsibilities
.40 Submittal of Application
.50 Radiation Safety Committee Responsibilities
.60 Changes in Authorized Use
.70 Renewal of an Authorization

Form RSM-1E Radiation-Producing Equipment Authorization Form

Part 410 Acquisition of Radiation-Producing Equipment

.10 Introduction
.20 Ordering Radiation-Producing Equipment
.30 Transfer of Radiation-Producing Equipment
.40 Surplus or Donated Radiation-Producing Equipment
.50 Exempt Radiation-Producing Equipment

Form RSM-2E Permit To Purchase Radiation-Producing Equipment Form

Part 420 Radiation-Producing Equipment Operating Procedures

.10 Introduction
.20 Radiation-Producing Equipment Operation Instructions
.30 Radiation-Producing Equipment Use Log
.40 Frequency of Surveys
.50 Leakage
.60 Radiation-Producing Equipment Inspection, Servicing and Maintenance

Part 500 Personnel Monitoring

.10 Introduction
.20 Determining If Personnel Monitoring Is Required
.30 Obtaining Personal Dosimeters
.40 Use of Dosimeters
.50 Use of Other Monitoring Devices
.60 Allowable Occupational Radiation Doses
.70 Dosimetry Reports
.80 Bioassay Requirements

Part 600 Training and User Categories

.10 Introduction
.20 Training Requirements
.30 Definitions of Users

Part 610 Authorized User Responsibilities

.10 Introduction
.20 Responsibilities

Part 620 Individual User Responsibilities

.10 Introduction
.20 Responsibilities

Part 700 Signs and Notice Requirements

.10 Introduction
.20 Required Notices
.30 Required Signs
.40 Required Labeling
.50 Radiation Areas
.60 Electron Capture Detectors

Part 750 Transportation of Radioactive Materials

.10 Introduction
.20 Transfer of Radioactive Materials
.30 Training

Part 800 Reporting Radiation Incidents

.10 Introduction
.20 Reporting of Accidents or Incidents
.30 Reporting Defects or Failure of Equipment

Part 850 Violations

.10 Introduction
.20 Categories of Violations
.30 Penalties
.40 Response to a Violation
.50 Repeat or Multiple Violations
.60 Appeal of a Violation or Penalty

Part 900 Individual Isotope Information

.10 Tritium
.20 Carbon-14
.30 Phosphorus-32
.40 Phosphorus-33
.50 Sulfur-35
.60 Calcium-45
.70 Chromium-51
.80 Cadmium-109
.90 Iodine-125
.99 Other Isotopes

INTRODUCTION  

100.10 Introduction - The University of Idaho recognizes the importance of radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment in the teaching and research activities conducted at the university. The purpose of this Radiation Safety Manual is to promote these beneficial activities while providing procedures which will ensure that all activities comply with the university's radioactive materials license, and registration of radiation-producing equipment.

100.20 Applicability - All personnel who use University of Idaho facilities, or who participate in University of Idaho sponsored activities which involve the use of radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment, are expected to comply with the provisions of this manual. This applies to all personnel whether or not they are employees or students of the university.

100.30 Reference To Federal Regulations - The provisions of this manual are designed to ensure compliance with Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations. The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, is considered an integral part of this Radiation Safety Manual and should be consulted whenever additional information is needed. These regulations are available at the Environmental Health and Safety Office.

100.40 Reference to State Regulations - The provisions of this manual are designed to ensure compliance with Idaho Radiation Control regulations concerning radiation-producing equipment. These regulations are considered an integral part of this Radiation Safety Manual and should be consulted whenever additional information is needed. These regulations are available at the Environmental Health and Safety Office.

100.50 Radiation Safety Committee - Under the university's radioactive materials license and registration of radiation-producing equipment, the authority for administration of a comprehensive radiation safety program is delegated to the Radiation Safety Committee.

100.60 Revocation of Approval - Failure of an individual to comply with the provisions and procedures in this manual or any other special provisions and procedures specified by the Radiation Safety Committee can result in the committee revoking the individual's approval of working with radioactive materials and/or radiation-producing equipment. In addition, any radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment possessed by this individual may be confiscated or their use prevented.

100.70 Threat To Health, Property or the Environment - The radiation safety officer or designee is authorized to restrict access to a laboratory or an area or to immediately terminate a project, process or any other procedure that poses an imminent danger to health, property or the environment.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE  

150.10 Introduction - The authority and inherent responsibilities of a comprehensive radiation safety program are delegated to the Radiation Safety Committee. The authority and responsibilities of the Radiation Safety Committee are listed below. A certain portion of the committee's authority and responsibility is assigned to the radiation safety officer or designee. The individual user is accountable for the safe operation of his/her activities involving the use of radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment according to procedures specified in this manual and by the Radiation Safety Committee.

150.20 The Radiation Safety Committee:

(A) The Radiation Safety Committee is responsible for all matters pertaining to the formulation, administration, and operation of a comprehensive radiation safety program at the University of Idaho. This committee shall also provide consultation to the individual researcher concerning safety procedures when using radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment.

(B) The committee has the authority to approve or disapprove of any proposed use of radioactive material or radiation-producing equipment; to stop and prevent any existing use of radioactive material or radiation-producing equipment, and; to approve or disapprove of, or prevent, an individual to possess, store or use radioactive materials.

(C) The committee shall be composed of the radiation safety committee chairperson, radiation safety officer, budget director, safety officer, an academic dean or department chair, and up to eight technical members with broad representation from various departments using sources of radiation. A technical member must meet the requirements of an authorized user and either be an active user of radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment or have previously been an active user of radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment. The radiation safety officer, budget officer, and safety officer shall be permanent voting members.

(D) To provide the necessary expertise and continuity of operation, the radiation safety committee chairperson and technical members may serve consecutive terms. Two members, who have served the normal three-year term, will be allowed to continue to serve on the committee.

(E) A quorum shall consist of the radiation safety committee chairperson, radiation safety officer, budget officer, and a minimum of four technical members.

(F) The Radiation Safety Committee shall meet as required to discharge its obligations, but at least quarterly.

(G) The Radiation Safety Committee shall conduct an annual review of the radiation safety program. This review shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

(1) An examination of personnel dosimetry results.

(2) An evaluation of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, state and radiation safety officer inspections.

(3) An evaluation of the compliance by users with radiation safety requirements.

(4) A performance evaluation of the radiation safety officer.

(5) An assessment of the radiation safety manual requirements.

(6) An evaluation of any reported accidents or incidents.

(7) An assessment of the review process used to evaluate applications to use radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment, and the limits authorized thereby.

(8) An audit of the university's ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) policy and program, to insure exposures and effluent releases are maintained at a minimum.

The Radiation Safety Committee will take action to correct any observed deficiencies or inadequacies in the university's radiation safety program.

150.30 The Radiation Safety Committee Chairperson:

(A) The primary duties of the chairperson shall be to schedule and chair all meetings of the Radiation Safety Committee and to ensure that license applications are promptly processed.

(B) The chairperson will be selected each spring by the current members of this committee to serve for the next school year (starting August 1). In addition, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission must also approve the selection of the chairperson.

(C) The chairperson will provide an annual evaluation of the radiation safety officer's performance to the director of human resources and risk management.

(D) The term of office is for one year. The chairperson may serve two consecutive terms.

150.40 The Radiation Safety Officer:

(A) The radiation safety officer is the secretary of the Radiation Safety Committee, and as such maintains records of the committee's proceedings and decisions.

(B) He/she is responsible for implementing the policies of the committee.

(C) Requests for approval of new uses of radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment or requests to modify existing programs shall be submitted to the Radiation Safety Committee through the radiation safety officer.

(D) Specific duties of the radiation safety officer include the following:

(1) Provide consultation services related to the radiation safety program to all personnel.

(2) Provide training courses or other instruction in radiation safety for students and employees.

(3) Investigate incidents involving radioactive materials, radiation-producing equipment, or exposure to radiation, and assist with decontamination procedures when necessary.

(4) Reports accidents, exposures, and/or incidents as required by Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations.

(5) Coordinate personal dosimetry services for individuals as needed.

(6) Receive radioactive materials sent to the university and deliver to the appropriate user.

(7) Maintain an inventory of all radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment at the university.

(8) Conduct leak tests of sealed sources as required.

(9) Conduct inspections and surveys of laboratories and facilities where radiation hazards may exist to insure compliance.

(10) Arrange for calibration of instruments used by radiation safety personnel.

(11) Maintain all records pertinent to the radiation safety program.

(12) Provide for storage of all radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment not currently in use.

(13) Coordinate the packaging and shipping of all radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment leaving the university.

(14) Provide for proper disposal of radioactive materials.

(15) Update the committee and authorized users of regulatory changes as appropriate.

(16) Serve as liaison to the regulatory agencies.

(E) The radiation safety officer or designee shall have the right to enter any laboratory or area using radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment for the purpose of fulfilling the duties of this position.

(F) The radiation safety officer may delegate some of his/her responsibilities and duties to other Environmental Health and Safety personnel provided these employees have been properly trained and have been approved by the radiation safety officer.

(G) Line of supervision is to the safety officer, then the director of human resources and risk management, and then the financial vice-president.

ALARA  

200.10 Introduction - The unique property of radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment to emit energy in the form of particle or electromagnetic radiation, which can cause biological damage, is the primary concern of any radiation safety program. The federal government has established limits on the amount of radiation personnel may receive. However, it is the intent of a radiation safety program, and a regulatory requirement, to maintain as low as possible the amount of radiation received by an individual. This concept is called As Low As Reasonably Achievable - ALARA. It is the responsibility of the university and those individuals using radioactive materials and radiation-producing equipment to practice ALARA at all times.

200.20 Complying with ALARA - This radiation safety manual has been provided to assist the user in complying with the concept of ALARA. By following the provisions of this manual, the user will be able to minimize or eliminate any unnecessary exposure to radiation while using radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment.

OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION TO USE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS  

300.10 Introduction - Any person who wishes to use radioactive materials shall first obtain authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee. A written request following the format in Part 300.20 shall be submitted to the Radiation Safety Committee via the radiation safety officer. The request will be reviewed by the radiation safety officer prior to any action taken by the Radiation Safety Committee.

300.20 Format for Application To Use Radioactive Materials:

(A) Section 1 - User Information - Provide the information listed below.

(1) Name

(2) Department

(3) Office

(4) Phone Number

(B) Section 2 - Type and Maximum Quantity of Radioactive Material(s) Requested - List each radioisotope and the possession limit required. Please be reasonable in requesting possession limits but also allow enough to cover the storage of waste and for acquisition of new material.

(C) Section 3 - Description of Intended Use of Radioactive Materials - The description must include sufficient detail so that the Radiation Safety Committee will have a clear understanding of the intended use. Detailed protocols and experimental procedures no longer than three pages each may be included as appendices in the application. Do not include reprints of publications. Please be careful not to use language, jargon or phrases that are specific to your type of research.

(D) Section 4 - Personnel, Experience and Training - List all personnel, including yourself, employees, and students, who will be present during the use of radioactive materials. Refer to Part 600 for definitions and rules regarding user categories. List the user status for each person. For authorized and general supervised users, include the training and experience for each user.

(E) Section 5 - Location of Use - List all locations where radioactive materials will be used and whether they will be a restricted or unrestricted area (please refer to Part 305 for an explanation of restricted versus unrestricted areas). Indicate which rooms will be the main areas of use, which will be storage locations, which areas are equipment rooms, and which areas will have minimal use. Also, include a description of the facilities (fume hoods, freezers/refrigerators, other equipment) that are available and will be used for research with radioactive materials.

NOTE 1: A work place, work space, room or laboratory where radioactive materials are used is defined as the entire space enclosed by fire-resistive boundaries.

NOTE 2: Some rooms or areas may be used by more than one authorized user. In these situations, a central use log must be maintained by all users that identifies the user(s), describes the activities that were conducted, and records the time and date. Applicants must indicate in their applications if they will be using radioactive materials in a multi-user space. The radiation safety officer or designee can be contacted to determine if a space is being used by another user(s).

(F) Section 6 - Radiation Detection Instrumentation - Include a description of the types of radiation detection instrumentation that will be used for analysis, surveying and personnel monitoring. List the instruments by manufacturer, model number, and type of detector, if applicable.

(G) Section 7 - Waste Disposal and Storage - Describe the type(s) of waste material that will be generated, the chemical or biological characteristics associated with the waste(s), and the method(s) of disposal. Please refer to Part 340 for waste disposal information.

(H) Section 8 - Personnel Safety - Indicate if any personnel monitoring or bioassays are required and for what isotopes. Describe any special monitoring or safety practices that would be necessary for the types of activities conducted. Please account for routes of entry of radioactive materials (e.g., skin contact/absorption, ingestion, inhalation, etc.) and radiation exposures and how personnel will be protected (e.g., personal protective equipment, fume hoods, safety devices, etc.).

(I) Section 9 - Signatures and Date - The authorized user(s) must sign and date the application. By signing the application, each authorized user affirms that he/she has read the University of Idaho Radiation Safety Manual and is aware of the requirements for using radioactive materials.

300.30 Departmental and College Responsibilities - The department chair and college dean must also review and sign the application. Approval by the department chair and college dean affirms that he/she is aware of the research being conducted by the authorized user and that adequate facilities and equipment are available for this type of research. Departmental and college approval also affirms that if the authorized user is unable to pay any costs resulting from the use, acquisition, and storage of radioactive materials (e.g., resignation or termination of employment, insufficient teaching or research funding, etc.), the department and/or college has an obligation to pay these costs.

300.40 Submittal of Application - The applicant will submit one copy of the Application To Use Radioactive Materials with original signatures to the radiation safety officer. The radiation safety officer will evaluate the application prior to review by the Radiation Safety Committee and recommend changes or corrections, if any, to the applicant.

300.50 Radiation Safety Committee Responsibilities:

(A) The committee shall review each application and ascertain that:

(1) The applicant has suitable training, experience, facilities and equipment to safely use and/or conduct experiments involving radioactive materials;

(2) Adequate operating and handling precautions are taken by the applicant; and

(3) The safety of personnel and the general public are protected.

(B) The committee may request more information from the applicant before reaching a decision. The decision of the Radiation Safety Committee is final.

(C) The committee shall notify the applicant in writing of the disposition of the application and shall specify terms under which the use of radioactive materials is authorized.

(D) The committee shall also provide to the radiation safety officer any instructions for personnel monitoring, surveying, required posting of caution signs, etc., it deems appropriate and as required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations.

(E) Upon approval by the Radiation Safety Committee of the application to use radioactive materials, the authorized user shall receive a Radioactive Materials Authorization Form RSM-1M and a unique authorization number.

300.60 Changes in Authorized Use - Users who have been authorized to use radioactive materials must amend their authorization whenever there will be a change in the use of the radioactive materials. These changes include, but are not limited to, the following:

(A) Changes in the type of radioactive material.

(B) Changes in the possession limit of a radioactive material.

(C) Changes in the intended use of a radioactive material (if the user is in doubt about what is a change in the intended use, please contact the radiation safety officer or clarification).

(D) Changes in the location of use of a radioactive material.

(E) Changes in the status of individual users (e.g., from a direct supervised user to a general supervised user).

(F) Changes in waste disposal methods.

The user must request and receive approval from the Radiation Safety Committee prior to initiating the change.

The radiation safety officer is allowed to approve changes in the possession limit of a previously approved radioisotope, changes in the location of use, changes in the disposal limits for liquid radioactive waste, and changes in the status of an individual user. This approval will only be temporary until acted upon by the Radiation Safety Committee at the next scheduled committee meeting.

300.70 Renewal of an Authorization - The authorization issued by the Radiation Safety Committee is effective for three years. To renew an authorization, the user shall submit a full application to the Radiation Safety Committee via the radiation safety officer thirty days prior to the stated expiration date. The renewal application must include a cover page summarizing any changes from the previous application. In addition, the user may reference in the renewal application previously submitted experimental protocols and procedures if there have been no changes.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESTRICTED VERSUS UNRESTRICTED AREAS AND USES

305.10 Introduction - The Nuclear Regulatory Commission bases many of its radiation safety requirements on the concept of restricted versus unrestricted. An authorized user will determine if their area will be classified as a restricted area or unrestricted area by following the requirements described below. The main differences between the two classifications is whether or not radioactive materials are used or just stored, the level of control needed for preventing access to radioactive materials by unauthorized personnel, and the limits allowed for radioactive contamination and exposure to radioactive materials.

There may be a hybrid of the two, where during the actual use of radioactive materials, the area is considered a restricted area. After the use is completed, if contamination levels and airborne concentrations of radioactive materials are below the unrestricted limits and access to the radioactive materials is controlled, the area can then be considered an unrestricted area.

305.20 Restricted Area or Use Requirements:

(A) Use or Storage - Radioactive materials may be used or stored in a restricted area.

(B) Access - Access to a restricted area must be controlled by the authorized user. If access is controlled, such as by locking the laboratory door(s) or by maintaining constant surveillance of the area, then radioactive materials within the area do not need to be secured (e.g., within locked cabinets, freezers, refrigerators, etc.).

(C) Training - All personnel who enter a restricted area must receive training at a level appropriate to their duties within the restricted area (see Part 600.20 (A) and (C)).

(D) Contamination Limits - Allowable contamination limits in a restricted area are specified in Part 900. Contamination levels exceeding these limits must be decontaminated.

(E) Airborne Radioactive Material Concentrations - Allowable airborne radioactive material concentrations are specified in Part 900.

305.30 Unrestricted Area or Use Requirements:

(A) Use or Storage - Only storage of radioactive materials is allowed in an unrestricted area.

(B) Access - Radioactive materials present in an unrestricted area must not be accessible to the public, either by placing the radioactive materials in a locked area or by maintaining surveillance of the area.

(C) Training - No specific training is required for unrestricted areas.

(D) Contamination Limits - Contamination levels must not exceed the limits specified in Part 900 for unrestricted areas.

(E) Airborne Radioactive Material Concentrations - Airborne radioactive material concentrations must not exceed the limits specified in Part 900 for unrestricted areas.

(F) Exposure Limits - Radiation levels may not exceed 2 millirems per hour in an unrestricted area.

305.40 Release of Items or Equipment for Unrestricted Use - Items or equipment that had been previously used with radioactive materials must meet the decontamination requirements of Part 900 for unrestricted use. Work involving radioactive materials should plan to use items that can be disposed of as radioactive waste whenever possible.

305.50 Termination Surveys - When the use of radioactive materials is to be terminated within a laboratory or space due to users leaving the university, the work requiring the use of radioactive materials is completed and radioactive materials are not anticipated to be used again, a change in location from one space to another, or for some other reason, then a termination survey must be conducted by the radiation safety officer or designee.

A laboratory or other space may not be used until a termination survey has been completed by the radiation safety officer or designee and all contaminated areas have been cleaned.

The authorized user must account for all radioactive materials, including wastes, decontaminate any contaminated areas found during the termination survey, have all the required paperwork completed, return any radioactive waste containers and shields borrowed from the radiation safety officer or designee, and return all radiation monitoring badges.

It is the responsibility of the department head/chair to verify that the radiation safety officer or designee has been contacted prior to any of the above changes, that a termination survey has been conducted, and that the laboratory or space will not be used until approved by the radiation safety officer or designee.

ACQUISITION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS  

310.10 Introduction - Radioactive materials may be obtained by several methods. The major source of radioactive materials is the purchase of radioisotopes and sealed sources from commercial vendors. Other sources include, but are not limited to, surplus or donated radioactive materials, neutron activation material, the transfer of materials from one user to another, and the transfer of material from another institution or organization to the University of Idaho.

Regardless of the method used to acquire radioactive material, users must have authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee or written permission from the radiation safety officer before they can obtain radioactive material.

310.20 Ordering Radioactive Materials - Personnel who have received authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee to use radioactive material can order materials by complying with the following steps:

(A) Complete a requisition describing the radioactive material(s) to be ordered. Type "RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS" on the first line in the Description section of the requisition form. Departmental Purchase Orders (DPOs) may not be used to order radioactive material.

(B) Complete the Permit to Purchase Radioactive Materials Form RSM-2M and attach to the requisition.

(C) Obtain the signature of the radiation safety officer or designee.

(D) Follow the normal procedures for processing a requisition.

(E) It shall be the responsibility of Purchasing Services to ensure all requisitions are accompanied by a completed Permit to Purchase Radioactive Materials Form RSM-2M before issuing a purchase order.

The purchase order must be addressed as follows:

Name of Authorized User
c/o Radiation Safety Officer
Environmental Health and Safety
University of Idaho
1108 West Sixth Street
Moscow, ID 83844-2030

(F) For those departments processing requisitions electronically, complete the Permit to Purchase Radioactive Materials Form RSM-2M, obtain the radiation safety officer or designee's signature, and forward the form to Purchasing Services. Purchasing Services will match the requisition with the Permit to Purchase Radioactive Materials form.

(G) Before processing an order for radioactive materials, a vendor must have in possession a valid copy of the university's radioactive materials license. Please contact the radiation safety officer or designee to verify if a vendor has a current copy of the university's radioactive materials license on file or requires a copy.

310.30 Receipt of Radioactive Materials:

(A) All shipments of radioactive materials to the University of Idaho shall be received by the radiation safety officer, unless other arrangements have been approved by the radiation safety officer. The radiation safety officer or designee will inspect the package, and record its receipt.

(B) The radiation safety officer or designee will deliver the package to the authorized group. It shall be the duty of the radiation safety officer or designee to ensure that all shipments of radioactive materials received be processed and made available to the user within the same day of their delivery.

(C) Deliveries of radioactive materials to the authorized user, except sealed sources, shall be accompanied by a "Checklist for Receipt of Radioactive Materials" form. This form describes procedures to be followed by the user when checking in and surveying the package and must be completed within the time limit specified on the form. The form must be returned to the radiation safety officer within three working days.

(D) Any leakage of radioactive materials from the package, any severe contamination found within the package, or any other unusual event shall be reported immediately to the radiation safety officer or designee.

310.40 Neutron Activation - Users must obtain a release form from the radiation safety officer or designee before obtaining irradiated materials at Washington State University's nuclear reactor. Irradiated materials must first be brought to the Environmental Health and Safety Office after arriving on campus for check-in and monitoring requirements.

310.50 Facilities Located Outside of Moscow - Procedures for obtaining and receiving radioactive materials at university facilities located outside of Moscow shall be determined by the Radiation Safety Committee at the time of authorization.

310.60 Transfer of Radioactive Materials:

(A) Radioactive materials may be transferred from an authorized user to the radiation safety officer for waste disposal.

(B) Radioactive materials may be transferred from one user to another upon written approval of the radiation safety officer or designee, providing the receiving user is authorized to use the materials being transferred.

(C) Approval from the radiation safety officer or designee shall be required before transferring radioactive materials to or away from the University of Idaho.

310.70 Surplus or Donated Radioactive Materials - Personnel obtaining surplus or donated radioactive material shall obtain approval from the radiation safety officer before acquiring this material. The radiation safety officer shall ensure the university is licensed to possess this type and amount of radioactive material and shall determine whether or not it is in the best interests of the university to accept this material.

310.80 Uranium- and Thorium-Containing Materials:

(A) Possession of 125 grams or less of uranium- or thorium-containing material will not require authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee. However, this material will require registration with the radiation safety officer to ensure compliance with Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations.

(B) Possession of more than 125 grams of uranium- or thorium-containing material will require authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee. See Part 300 for procedures on obtaining authorization to use radioactive materials.

310.90 Exempt Radioactive Materials - The Radiation Safety Committee does not consider any radioactive materials used for research or teaching purposes as exempt. All planned acquisition of radioactive material must be reported to the radiation safety officer. Certain commercially available sealed products (including items such as timepieces, static eliminators, lock illuminators, thermostat dials and pointers, night compasses, exit lights, and smoke alarms) may be exempt from authorization requirements. The radiation safety officer or designee may be contacted for further clarification.
 

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS INVENTORY  

320.10 Introduction - The radiation safety officer or designee maintains an inventory of all radioactive materials received, all wastes disposed of, and all radioactive materials and wastes stored in the radioactive waste storage building, the hazardous materials storage building, and the Engineering Isotopes Laboratory. Authorized users are required to notify the radiation safety officer whenever they dispose of radioactive materials via the sewer system or by gaseous release (see Part 340), or if they transfer radioactive material from one user to another (see Part 310.60).

320.20 Radioactive Materials Use Log - All users shall maintain a separate log showing the use of radioactive materials in possession, including the date the radioactive materials were received, the amount that was received, the date(s) it was used and the amount used on each date. This log must be kept in a clear and concise format that can easily be understood by the radiation safety officer or other inspector.

320.30 Sealed Sources - Sealed sources are those devices containing radioactive materials hermetically sealed in a glass or plastic vial, plastic or metal disc, sheet, rod, or in a double-encapsulated stainless steel cylinder. These sources need only be reported on the user's application to use radioactive materials. The radiation safety officer or designee will inventory these sources every six months, and perform leak tests as required.

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS CONTAMINATION SURVEYS  

330.10 Introduction - Ensuring contamination does not exist during and after the use of radioactive materials is a key component of any radiation safety program. All users of unsealed radioactive materials must conduct contamination surveys as required below. Records of the contamination surveys, regardless of whether or not contamination is found, must be kept in a clear and concise format that can be easily understood by the radiation safety officer or other inspector. All records of personnel and area contamination surveys must be retained by the authorized user for 3 years.

330.20 Frequency of Surveys - Contamination surveys must be conducted of the immediate area, storage areas, and any other area that has a possibility of contacting radioactive material. The frequency of these surveys will be determined initially by the Radiation Safety Committee when a new application is reviewed and approved.

After an application is approved, survey frequency will be determined by the radiation safety officer every calender quarter. The survey frequency is based on the amount of radioactive material purchased within the last twelve months averaged over the twelve month period (or the appropriate time period if the user has received authorization within the last twelve months). This survey frequency will then apply for the next calender quarter.

These survey frequencies will be either daily, weekly, or monthly, depending on the above determinations. A daily survey is defined as conducting a survey within the twenty-four hour period from the time radioactive materials were first used. A weekly survey is defined as conducting a survey within the seven day period from the time radioactive materials were first used. A monthly survey is defined as conducting a survey within the thirty day period from the time radioactive materials were first used.

330.30 Contamination Survey Methods - The method required for determining the presence of contamination is the wipe test and, for certain isotopes, survey by an appropriate radiation detection instrument. The following are the two methods of performing contamination surveys:

(A) Wipe tests:

(1) The wipe test shall consist of wiping an area ten centimeters by ten centimeters with a commercially available wipe, swab, filter paper or other suitable medium. There must be a suitable number of wipe tests taken to adequately survey the area of radioactive material use.

(2) The samples must be counted in a detection device appropriate for the type of radiation emitted. The counting procedures must address the length of time each sample is counted, the energy of the isotope, and the accuracy of the measurement. The counting instrument's sensitivity (or minimum detectable activity) must also be sufficient to detect with confident accuracy the maximum allowable contamination level (see Part 900).

(3) In addition to the wipe samples, a blank wipe and a standard must also be counted for each survey. For a large number of samples, use one blank for each ten to twenty samples.

(4) The efficiency of the instrument must be calculated for each isotope, and the survey results must be reported in the units of dpm per 100 cm². The results of contamination surveys by wipe tests can be recorded on the Contamination Survey Form RSM-3 or the equivalent information can be recorded in a user's log book.

(5) Allowable levels of contamination are listed in Part 900.

(B) Survey with radiation detection instruments (or survey meters):

(1) The use of a survey meter is required for high-energy beta emitting (where E_max is equal to or greater than 200 keV) and gamma or x-ray emitting isotopes (see Part 900).

(2) All survey meters and detectors must be approved by the radiation safety officer.

(3) Prior to each survey, the batteries must be tested, and a check standard must be used to establish that the survey meter is operable and properly detecting the radiation field.

(4) The area surveyed must be large enough to adequately cover the area of radioactive material use. In areas where a radiation field already exists, using a survey meter and detector for contamination surveys will not be possible.

(5) The results of contamination surveys by survey meter can be recorded on the Contamination Survey Form RSM-3 or the equivalent information can be recorded in a user's log book. Background radiation levels must also be recorded.

(6) Allowable levels of contamination are listed in Part 900.

(7) Survey meters and detectors must be calibrated annually. A certificate of calibration will be required as verification that the instrument has been properly calibrated.

(8) Survey meters and detectors can be calibrated by returning the meter and detector to the manufacturer or other commercial vendor providing calibration services. While a user's meter and detector are being calibrated, a survey meter and detector may be borrowed from the radiation safety officer.

(9) After calibration, the efficiency of the survey meter will be determined by the radiation safety officer.

330.40 Requirements for Decontamination:

(A) If contamination is detected, the area or item must be cleaned and re-surveyed until contamination levels are below those specified in Part 900.

(B) If the contamination cannot be removed by appropriate cleaning methods, and if it is contaminated with a short-lived radioisotope (i.e., less than 65 day half-life), the item, instrument or area may be stored or shielded and contamination allowed to decay to an acceptable level. This type of procedure must be approved by the radiation safety officer.

330.50 Personal Surveying - It is recommended that hands, shoes (including the bottoms), and the body be surveyed for contamination prior to leaving the area where radioactive materials are used.

330.60 Decontamination Guidelines - The following are some guidelines for preventing radioactive contamination or for decontaminating a contaminated area:

(A) Work surfaces should be covered with an absorbent/plastic-backed laboratory paper. For additional protection, trays should also be used when handling radioactive materials. If radioactive materials are spilled, the resulting contamination of the work surfaces or other items will be minimized or eliminated.

(B) To decontaminate work surfaces or items that have come in contact with radioactive materials, there are many commercially available detergents that are effective in removing radioactive contamination. These are available in ready-to-use formulations, concentrated solutions and in aerosol foams.

(C) If detergents are not effective in removing contamination, then dilute acid or caustic solutions may be necessary. Please use caution when working with these types of solutions and wear the proper personal protective equipment.

(D) If contamination cannot be removed, see Part 330.40 and/or contact the radiation safety officer or designee.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES  

340.10 Introduction - Radioactive waste can be classified as solid, liquid, gaseous or biological. In addition to being classified as radioactive waste, some wastes may also meet the definition of an EPA hazardous waste. This type of waste is considered a "mixed waste" and must be properly disposed of according to both radiation safety and hazardous waste regulations. Each type of radioactive waste requires different procedures for handling, reporting and disposal. The Radiation Safety Committee must approve all waste disposal procedures.

The Environmental Health and Safety Office may be contacted for information on hazardous waste management and classification of hazardous waste. Records of measurements and calculations for determination of activities for solid, liquid, or gaseous waste, or aqueous waste released to sewer must be retained until termination of the authorization, at which time the records must be transferred to the radiation safety officer.

340.20 Solid Radioactive Waste Disposal:

(A) The definition of solid radioactive waste is any solid material that incorporates, has contacted, or is suspected to have contacted radioactive material. Liquids or biological materials cannot be disposed of with solid radioactive waste. Scintillation vials and other sample containers may be disposed of as solid radioactive waste provided they are thoroughly dried of all liquid waste (Part 340.30). Solid waste containing liquid residue will not be accepted by the radiation safety officer.

NOTE: For vials or containers that previously held a hazardous liquid, the vial or container must not contain any liquid. For vials or containers that previously held a non-hazardous liquid, the vial or container may just be drained, for a minimum of one hour. For gel-like material, please contact the radiation safety officer.

All solid radioactive material regardless of half-life must be collected and disposed of by Environmental Health and Safety personnel.

(B) Disposal procedures:

(1) Obtain a suitable waste container lined with at least a 4 mil polyethylene liner. The radiation safety officer or designee will supply liners and waste containers.

(2) Remove or deface from any item the radiation symbol or word "radioactive" prior to disposal.

(3) Do not mix waste containing different isotopes without the approval of the radiation safety officer or designee. The radiation safety officer or designee may be contacted for assistance in determining the proper isotope separation for solid waste.

(4) When the container is full or is ready to be disposed of, complete a Radioactive Waste Disposal Form RSM-4 (one form per container), make two copies, attach one copy to the container, retain one copy for your files, and mail the original to the radiation safety officer.

(5) Update radioactive material records and inventory.

(6) If the waste is a sealed source or an instrument containing a sealed source, please contact the radiation safety officer or designee for information on disposal.

(C) Sharps - Sharps are objects, such as broken glass, needles, syringes, scalpel blades, glass pipets, plastic pipet tips, etc., that could cause injury and/or puncture or cut through the waste container liner. For the safety of all people involved, never place these objects in the radioactive waste container by themselves. Always place them in a cardboard, plastic, metal or other suitable container. The sharps container can then be disposed of in the solid radioactive waste.

(D) Container shielding - The lead shielding ("pigs") shipped with some radioisotopes can be recycled back to the vendor. This lead shielding must be free of contamination and must not be disposed of with the solid radioactive waste. Contact the radiation safety officer or designee for information on how to recycle the lead shielding.

340.30 Liquid Radioactive Waste Disposal:

(A) The definition of liquid radioactive waste is any liquid that has radioactive material suspended or incorporated into it. Liquid waste can be either aqueous or contain organic solvents. Special care must be taken when disposing of liquid radioactive wastes as many organic solvents are also considered an EPA hazardous waste.

(B) Disposal procedures:

(1) Liquid radioactive wastes not meeting the definition of an EPA hazardous waste may be disposed of via the sanitary sewer system if all of the following criteria are met:

(a) The material is soluble, or readily dispersible, in water; and

(b) The Radiation Safety Committee has approved the procedure; and

(c) The material will not exceed the limits specified in Part 900 (NOTE: Individual authorization limits may be increased by the Radiation Safety Committee or radiation safety officer based on total university use and disposal. Contact the radiation safety officer for additional information.); and

(d) The material is flushed with copious amounts of water.

(e) A contamination survey must also be conducted of the sink and immediate area after the disposal of liquid radioactive waste.

(f) A Radioactive Waste Disposal Form RSM-4 must be completed for the waste disposed of and submitted to the radiation safety officer within five working days after the sewer release occurred.

(2) Liquid radioactive waste meeting the definition of an EPA hazardous waste must be collected and properly disposed of by the following procedure:

(a) Obtain a glass container, not larger than one gallon. Metal or plastic containers are not allowed as waste containers.

(b) Place liquid waste in the glass container. Leave enough room in the container to account for thermal expansion of the liquid. Scintillation vials containing liquid will not be accepted by the radiation safety officer. These vials must be emptied into the larger glass container. The empty vials may be cleaned and reused, or disposed of as solid waste, in which case they must be thoroughly dried in a fume hood prior to placement in a waste container.

(c) When the container is full or is ready to be disposed of, complete a Radioactive Waste Disposal Form RSM-4 (one form per container), make two copies, attach one copy to the container, retain one copy for your files, and mail the original to the radiation safety officer.

(3) The radiation safety officer may require the user to store high activity, short-lived radioactive liquid waste until it has decayed to an acceptable level.

(4) Update radioactive material records and inventory.

(5) Users are encouraged to consider using commercially available nonhazardous, "biodegradable" liquid scintillation solvents that may be disposed of via the sanitary sewer system as described in Part 340.30(B)(1).

340.40 Gaseous Radioactive Waste Disposal:

(A) The definition of gaseous radioactive waste is any gas, aerosol, mist or dust produced that contains a radioactive material.

(B) Disposal procedures:

(1) All releases of gaseous radioactive waste must:

(a) Be approved by the Radiation Safety Committee; and

(b) Not exceed, at the release point to the atmosphere, the unrestricted limits specified in Part 900.

(2) During the release of gaseous radioactive waste, exposure to personnel may not exceed the restricted limits specified in Part 900 for restricted areas, or unrestricted limits for unrestricted areas.

(3) A Radioactive Waste Disposal Form RSM-4 must be completed for the waste disposed of and submitted to the radiation safety officer within five working days after the release occurred.

(4) Update radioactive material records and inventory.

340.50 Biological Radioactive Waste Disposal:

(A) The definition of a biological radioactive waste is any waste generated from the incorporation of a radioactive substance into a living organism or system. A living organism or system includes, but is not limited to, animals, plants, tissues, cell cultures, animal or plant parts, viral material, or bacterial organisms.

If a biological waste is considered infectious, it must be treated to render the waste non-infectious prior to disposal.

(B) Disposal procedures:

(1) If the waste can easily be converted into a liquid form:

(a) Homogenize the waste into a liquid form.

(b) Follow the procedures in Part 340.30 for disposing of non-hazardous liquid radioactive waste.

(2) Decay of radioactive material - If the radioisotope has a short enough half-life to allow the radioactive material to decay to safe levels, freeze the waste in a properly marked freezer and hold the waste until it has decayed to the levels specified by the radiation safety officer or designee.

(3) Carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 (tritium) animal tissue:

(a) Animal tissue containing carbon-14 or hydrogen-3 (tritium) in concentrations of 0.05 microcuries per gram or less may be disposed of as a non-radioactive biological waste.

(b) Waste disposed of in this manner may not be used as food for humans or as animal feed.

(4) Other disposal methods - To dispose of biological waste that cannot be disposed of by any of the procedures described above, please contact the radiation safety officer.

(5) Update radioactive material records and inventory.

(C) Sterilization - Bacterial organisms, cultures or other biological materials must not be sterilized by a procedure that can potentially cause the radiolabeled material to be become airborne. Examples of procedures that are not allowed include autoclaving or high heat sterilization methods. The Radiation Safety Committee may approve the use of these types of sterilization methods if it can be demonstrated by the user that radioactive material cannot become airborne during the sterilization process.

340.60 Disposal of Waste at Facilities Located Outside of Moscow - Waste disposal procedures for university facilities located outside of Moscow shall be determined by the Radiation Safety Committee at the time of authorization.

OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION TO USE RADIATION-PRODUCING EQUIPMENT  

400.10 Introduction - Any person who wishes to use radiation-producing equipment shall first obtain authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee. A written request following the format in Part 400.20 shall be submitted to the Radiation Safety Committee via the radiation safety officer. The request will be reviewed by the radiation safety officer prior to any action taken by the Radiation Safety Committee.

400.20 Format for Application To Use Radiation-Producing Equipment:

(A) Section 1 - User Information - Provide the information listed below.

(1) Name

(2) Department

(3) Office

(4) Phone Number

(B) Section 2 - Type of Radiation-Producing Equipment Requested - List type of equipment, manufacturer, model and serial number, date of manufacture, peak operating voltage, maximum current, and tube type.

(C) Section 3 - Description of Intended Use of Radiation-Producing Equipment - The description must include sufficient detail so that the Radiation Safety Committee will have a clear understanding of the intended use. Detailed protocols and experimental procedures no longer than three pages each may be included as appendices in the application. Do not include reprints of publications. Please be careful not to use language, jargon or phrases that are specific to your type of research. A checklist describing the operating procedures, including testing for safety features and interlocks, for each radiation-producing device must be included with the application.

(D) Section 4 - Personnel, Experience and Training - List all personnel, including yourself, employees, and students, who will be present during the use of radiation-producing equipment. Refer to Part 600 for definitions and rules regarding user categories. List the user status for each person. For authorized and general supervised users, include the training and experience for each user.

(E) Section 5 - Location of Use - List all locations where radiation-producing equipment will be used.

NOTE: A workplace, work space, room or laboratory where radiation-producing equipment is used is defined as the entire space enclosed by fire-resistive boundaries.

(F) Section 6 - Radiation Detection Instrumentation - Include a description of the types of radiation detection instrumentation that will be used for surveying. List the instruments by manufacturer, model number, and type of detector, if applicable.

(G) Section 7 - Personnel Safety - Indicate if any personnel monitoring is required. Describe any special monitoring or safety practices that would be necessary for the types of activities conducted. Include the construction of the room where the radiation-producing equipment will be used, and what type of activities are being conducted above, below, and to the sides of the area. Describe any safety features of the radiation-producing equipment and measures used to limit access to the area containing the radiation-producing equipment.

(H) Section 8 - Signatures and Date - The authorized user(s) must sign and date the application. By signing the application, each authorized user affirms that he/she has read the University of Idaho Radiation Safety Manual and is aware of the requirements for using radiation-producing equipment.

400.30 Departmental and College Responsibilities - The department chair and college dean must also review and sign the application. Approval by the department chair and college dean affirms that he/she is aware of the research being conducted by the authorized user and that adequate facilities and equipment are available for this type of research. Departmental and college approval also affirms that if the authorized user is unable to pay any costs resulting from the acquisition, use, maintenance and repair of radiation-producing equipment (e.g., resignation or termination of employment, insufficient teaching or research funding), the department and/or college has an obligation to pay these costs.

400.40 Submittal of Application - The applicant will submit one copy of the Application To Use Radiation-Producing Equipment with original signatures to the radiation safety officer. The radiation safety officer will evaluate the application prior to review by the Radiation Safety Committee and recommend changes or corrections, if any, to the applicant.

400.50 Radiation Safety Committee Responsibilities:

(A) The committee shall review each application and ascertain that:

(1) The applicant has suitable training, experience, facilities and equipment to safely use and/or conduct experiments involving radiation-producing equipment;

(2) Adequate operating and handling precautions are taken by the applicant; and

(3) The safety of the personnel and the general public are protected.

(B) The committee may request more information from the applicant before reaching a decision. The decision of the Radiation Safety Committee is final.

(C) The committee shall notify the applicant in writing of the disposition of the application and shall specify terms under which the use of radiation-producing equipment is authorized.

(D) The committee shall also provide to the radiation safety officer any instructions for personnel monitoring, surveying, required posting of caution signs, etc., it deems appropriate and as required by the Idaho Radiation Control regulations.

(E) Upon approval by the Radiation Safety Committee of the application to use radiation-producing equipment, the authorized user shall receive a Radiation-Producing Equipment Authorization Form RSM-1E and a unique authorization number.

400.60 Changes in Authorized Use - After an applicant has received approval of the initial application from the Radiation Safety Committee, the authorized user is required to obtain approval from the Radiation Safety Committee prior to each change in the use of radiation-producing equipment.

400.70 Renewal of an Authorization - The authorization issued by the Radiation Safety Committee is effective for three years. To renew an authorization, the user shall submit a full application to the Radiation Safety Committee via the radiation safety officer thirty days prior to the stated expiration date. The renewal application must include a cover page summarizing any changes from the previous application. In addition, the user may reference in the renewal application previously submitted experimental protocols and procedures if there have been no changes.

ACQUISITION OF RADIATION-PRODUCING EQUIPMENT  

410.10 Introduction - Radiation-producing equipment may be obtained by several methods. Equipment may be purchased from commercial vendors, may be surplus or donated, transferred from one user to another, or transferred from another institution or organization to the University of Idaho.

Regardless of the method used to acquire radiation-producing equipment, users must have authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee or written permission from the radiation safety officer before they can obtain radiation-producing equipment.

410.20 Ordering Radiation-Producing Equipment - Personnel who have received authorization from the Radiation Safety Committee to use radiation-producing equipment can order equipment by complying with the following steps:

(A) Complete a requisition describing the radiation-producing equipment to be ordered. Type "RADIATION-PRODUCING EQUIPMENT" on the first line in the Description section of the requisition form. Departmental Purchase Orders (DPOs) may not be used to order radiation-producing equipment.

(B) Complete the Permit to Purchase Radiation-Producing Equipment Form RSM-2E and attach to the requisition.

(C) Obtain the signature of the radiation safety officer.

(D) Follow the normal procedures for processing a requisition.

(E) For those departments processing requisitions electronically, complete the Permit to Purchase Radiation-Producing Equipment Form RSM-2E, obtain the radiation safety officer signature, and forward the form to Purchasing Services. Purchasing Services will match the requisition with the Permit to Purchase Radiation-Producing Equipment form.

(F) It shall be the responsibility of Purchasing Services to ensure all requisitions are accompanied by a completed Permit to Purchase Radiation-Producing Equipment Form RSM-2E before issuing a purchase order. The purchase order should be addressed to the authorized user.

410.30 Transfer of Radiation-Producing Equipment:

(A) Radiation-producing equipment may be transferred from an authorized user to the radiation safety officer.

(B) Radiation-producing equipment may be transferred from one user to another upon written approval of the radiation safety officer, providing the receiving user is authorized to use the radiation-producing equipment being transferred.

(C) Approval from the radiation safety officer shall be required before transferring radiation-producing equipment to or away from the University of Idaho.

410.40 Surplus or Donated Radiation-Producing Equipment - Personnel obtaining surplus or donated radiation-producing equipment shall obtain approval from the radiation safety officer before acquiring this equipment. The radiation safety officer shall ensure the university is licensed to possess this radiation-producing equipment and shall determine if it is in the best interests of the university to accept this equipment.

410.50 Exempt Radiation-Producing Equipment - Certain radiation-producing equipment is considered exempt by the Idaho Radiation Control Regulations. Contact the radiation safety officer for additional information.

RADIATION-PRODUCING EQUIPMENT OPERATING PROCEDURES   420.10 Introduction - Ensuring radiation-producing equipment is operated correctly, is adequately shielded, has appropriate interlocks and safety features, and is routinely monitored for radiation leakage and proper operation of safety features are key components of any radiation safety program.

420.20 Radiation-Producing Equipment Operation Instructions - Specific operating and emergency procedures including testing of safety features and interlocks shall be posted in the radiation-producing equipment area, and all personnel shall be familiar with and comply with these instructions. A copy of the Certificate of Registration issued by the Idaho Department of Health & Welfare must be posted on or immediately adjacent to each radiation-producing machine.

420.30 Radiation-Producing Equipment Use Log - All users shall maintain a separate log showing the use of radiation-producing equipment in possession, including the date the equipment was used, the purpose and personnel present on that date. This log will be kept in a clear and concise format that can easily be understood by the radiation safety officer or other inspector.

420.40 Frequency of Surveys - Frequency and type of surveys will be according to those approved by the Radiation Safety Committee at time of authorization, or to the applicable section(s) of the Idaho Radiation Control Regulations for the type of radiation-producing equipment in question. Surveys must be made of all new installations, and after any significant service to the equipment (replacement of x-ray tube, beam filtration changes, etc.).

420.50 Leakage - If leakage is found in excess of the limits specified in the applicable section(s) of the Idaho Radiation Control regulations for the type of radiation-producing equipment in question, the equipment must be made inoperable and the radiation safety officer or designee notified immediately. Such equipment shall not be used until the problems causing the leakage are corrected, and further surveys confirm leakage is below the allowable limits.

420.60 Radiation-Producing Equipment Inspection, Servicing and Maintenance - All users shall follow any equipment control measures specified by the manufacturer and/or Radiation Safety Committee. The authorized user shall also comply with all other applicable sections of the Idaho Radiation Control Regulations for the type of radiation-producing equipment in question. All adjustments, maintenance and servicing necessary for safe use of the equipment must be performed on a regular basis as recommended by the manufacturer, and records shall be kept by the authorized user for review by the radiation safety officer or other inspector. Any changes to the equipment set-up which could affect the potential radiation hazard must be approved by the radiation safety officer or designee. Certain aspects of radiation-producing equipment must be monitored frequently:

(A) Operational Specifications - Orientation of the radiation beam, voltage, current, time, permanent filter and maximum aperture shall be in agreement with the manufacturer's recommendations for the specific application.
(B) Shutters and Locks - Shutter mechanisms and interlocking devices shall be inspected by the radiation safety officer or designee at least every six months for proper operation.
(C) Warning Devices and Radiation-Monitoring Equipment - All visual and audible warning devices and monitoring equipment shall be inspected by the radiation safety officer or designee every six months for proper operation.
(D) Survey Meter:

(1) The use of a survey meter is appropriate for x-ray emitting equipment.
(2) All survey meters and detectors must be approved by the radiation safety officer.
(3) Prior to each survey, the batteries must be tested, and a check standard must be used to establish that the survey
meter is operable and properly detecting the radiation field.
(4) The area surveyed must be large enough to adequately cover the area of possible leakage.
(5) The results of leakage surveys can be recorded on the Contamination Survey Form RSM-3 or the equivalent
information can be recorded in a user's log book. Background radiation levels must also be recorded.
(6) Survey meters and detectors should be calibrated annually. A certificate of calibration will be required as
verification that the instrument has been properly calibrated.
(7) Survey meters and detectors can be calibrated by returning the meter and detector to the manufacturer or other commercial vendor providing calibration services. While user's meter and detector are being calibrated, a survey meter and detector may be borrowed from the radiation safety officer.

PERSONNEL MONITORING  

500.10 Introduction - Personnel monitoring, or dosimetry, is an important safety practice when using radioactive material or working with radiation-producing equipment. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are the primary method of detection used for monitoring doses received from radiation. These can be obtained from commercial vendors as badges to measure whole-body doses or as rings to measure extremity doses. Bioassays may also be performed to monitor any internal exposure to radioactive materials. All exposure measurements are expressed in units of mrem (millirems).

500.20 Determining If Personnel Monitoring Is Required:

(A) Thermoluminescent dosimeters are not capable of detecting all types of radiation. Radiation that does not have
  sufficient energy to penetrate the dosimeter will not be recorded. For this reason, personnel monitoring is not
   required  in all cases. The following lists the types of radiation and whether or not monitoring is required (also, refer
   to Part 900):

                     Type of Radiation                                                                     Monitoring Required?

                     Alpha emitters                                                                                 No

                      Beta emitters,
                                 where E_max is less than 200 keV                                          No

                       Beta emitters,
                            where E_max is equal to or
                            greater than 200 keV                                                               Yes

                       Gamma emitters                         &