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Attempts have been made to use
raw oils in engines since at least 1900 when the
Otto company demonstrated the use of peanut oil
in a diesel engine at the Paris Exhibition.
Most experiments of this type
have shown that diesel engines will run on raw
oils but usually the performance will degrade
over time. After a period of several hundred
hours, engine inspection shows large amounts of
fuel dilution of the lubricating oil causing
thickening and sludge formation. Piston rings
are usually seized or broken, because of
excessive carbon deposits. Fuel injection
equipment can be coated with varnish deposits.
The best experience with using raw oils in
engine seems to come from indirect-injection
engines and using only 5-10% blends of the oil
in diesel fuel. Most of the problems associated
with the use of raw oils in engines are caused
by higher viscosity. It has been suggested that
these problems can be addressed by heating the
oil (usually with engine coolant) and starting
and stopping the engine with regular diesel
fuel. This approach has been used with some
success although long-term durability has not
been proven.
The following references describe the effects
that raw oils can have on engines:
[1] Baldwin JD, Klimkowski CH, Keesey, MA. Fuel
additives for vegetable oil-fueled compression
ignition engines. Vegetable oil
fuels--proceedings of the International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels,
224, ASAE Publication 4-82, Fargo, ND, 1982.
[2] Baranescu RA, Lusco JJ. Performance,
durability and low temperature evaluation of
sunflower oil as a diesel fuel extender.
Vegetable oil fuels--proceedings of the
International Conference on Plant and Vegetable
Oils as Fuels, 312-328, Aug, 1982.
[3] Fort EF, Blumberg PN. Peformance and
durability of a turbocharged diesel fueled with
cottonseed oil blends. Vegetable oil
fuels--proceedings of the International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels,
374-382, Aug, 1982.
[4] Fuls J, Hawkins CS, Hugo FJC. Tractor engine
performance on sunflower oil fuel. J Agric.
Engng. Res. Vol 30, 29, 1984.
[5] Graboski MS, McCormick RL. Combustion of fat
and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel
engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science 1998;24:125-64.
[6] Hemmerlein N, Korte V, Richter H, Schroeder
G. Performance, exhaust emissions and durability
of modern diesel engines running on rapeseed
oil. Society of Automotive Engineers Paper No.
910848. SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1991.
[7] Humke AL, Barsic NJ. Performance and
emissions characteristics of a naturally
aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil
fuels--(part 2). Society of Automotive Engineers
Paper No. 810955. SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1981.
[8] Perkins LA, Peterson CL, Auld DL. Durability
testing of transesterfied winter rape oil (Brassica
Napus L.) as fuel in small bore, multi-cylinder,
DI, CI engines. SAE paper No. 911764. Warrendale,
PA:SAE, 1991.
[9] Pestes NM, Stanislao J. Piston ring deposits
when using vegetable oil as a fuel. Journal of
Testing and Evaluation 12(2):61-68, 1984.
[10] Peterson CL. Vegetable oil as a diesel
fuel: status and research priorities.
Transactions of the ASAE 1986;29(5):1413-22.
[11] Peterson CL, Wagner GL, Auld DL. Vegetable
oil substitutes for diesel fuel. Transactions of
the ASAE, Vol. 26(2), 322, 1983.
[12] Radu R, Mircea Z. The use of sunflower oil
in diesel engines. SAE paper No. 972979, 1997.
[13] Ryan III TW, Bagby MO. Identification of
chemical changes occurring during the transient
injection of selected vegetable oils. Society of
Automotive Engineers Paper No. 930933. SAE,
Warrendale, PA, 1993.
[14] Ryan TW, Callahan TJ, Dodge
LG. Characterization of vegetable oils for use
as fuels in diesel engines. Vegetable oil
fuels--proceedings of the International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels,
70-81, Aug, 1982.
[15] Ryan TW, Dodge LG, Callahan, TJ. The
effects of vegetable oil properties on injection
and combustion in two different diesel engines.
JAOCS, Vol 61, 1610, 1984.
[16] Schlick ML, Hanna MA, Schinstock JL.
Soybean and sunflower oil performance in a
diesel engine. Transactions of the ASAE
1988;31(5):1345-9.
[17] Tahir AR, Lapp HM, Buchanan LC. Sunflower
oil as a fuel for compression ignition engines.
Vegetable oil fuels--proceedings of the
International Conference on Plant and Vegetable
Oils as Fuels, 82-91, Aug, 1982.
[18] Van Der Walt AN, Hugo FJC. Attempts to
prevent injector cooking with sunflower oil by
engine modifications and fuel additives.
Vegetable Oil Fuels--proceedings of the
International Conference on Plant and Vegetable
Oils as Fuels, 230, ASAE Publication 4-82,
Fargo, NC, 1982.
[19] Varde KS. Some correlation of diesel engine
performance with injection characteristics using
vegetable oils as fuel. Vegetable oil
fuels--proceedings of the International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels,
303-311, Aug, 1982.
[20] Walter J, Aakre P, Derry J. The 1981 flower
power field testing program. Vegetable oil
fuels--proceedings of the International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels,
384-393, Aug, 1982.
[21] Ziejewski M, Goettler H, Pratt GL.
Comparative analysis of the long-term
performance of a diesel engine on vegetable oil
based alternative fuels. Society of Automotive
Engineers Paper No. 860301. SAE, Warrendale, PA,
1986.
[22] Ziejewski M, Kaufman KR. Vegetable oils as
a potential alternate fuel in direct injection
diesel engines. Society of Automotive Engineers
Paper No. 831357. SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1983.
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